PROFFERING SOLUTION TO THE WHALE DEATHS IN GHANAIAN WATERS

As oil and gas companies extend their tentacles into the oceans, exploring the depths for untapped hoards of fossil fuel, many marine creatures have come under lethal threat.  The Environmental Impact Assessment of the Jubilee field predicted minor residual impacts on marine mammals and proposed some measures to counter the effect. The situation at hand far exceeds the predictions of the impact assessment. The recent surge in the death of marine mammals, particularly whales is overwhelming and hence requires urgent attention to avoid any impending effect on livelihoods and food security in the West African coast.

Whales and other marine mammals rely on their hearing for life's most basic functions, such as orientation and communication. They rely on sound to navigate and to find food, friends and mating partners. When a sound, thousands of times more powerful than a jet engine fills their ears, the results is fatal. This is the reality that whales and other marine mammals in the Gulf of Guinea are facing because of airguns used for oil and gas exploration. According to the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), a New York City-based non-profit international environmental advocacy group, there is no question that sonar injures and kills whales. The case of oil and gas exploration leading to overwhelming whale deaths is not endemic to the Gulf of Guinea. Similar cases have occurred in the Canary Islands, Greece, Madeira, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Hawaii and other sites around the globe. Like their counterparts in many countries that have experienced this negative phenomenon, the Ghanaian government agencies responsible for curtailing this ongoing disaster has claimed there are no empirical basis to establish a link between the death of the whales and oil production.

It has become obvious that the mitigation measures proposed by the impact assessment can no longer be relied upon. There is therefore the urgent need for stakeholders to go back to the drawing board in order to formulate better guidelines. Of course, it is impossible to wake up to this reality with the current posture of the agencies responsible for curtailing this disaster. The government agency must come out of this insincere ignorance and join the growing international consensus that ocean noise presents a significant threat to marine mammals and other marine species.

Notwithstanding the negative press the oil and gas industry has made on countless occasions; it is one industry that has spearheaded breakthroughs in technology and research. It has created wealth in many countries and improved the lives of many, especially in those nations where the oil and gas wealth is well managed. Talk about research and technology; it is one industry that invests billions of dollars in that area. Nevertheless the industry has to take responsibility for the harm being caused to the environment, it is a fact that some of these environmental issues are inevitable but the industry has to do its best to manage and bring down these disasters to a minimum. One fact worth noting is that these companies are also interested in the welfare of the nations in which they operate

There are numerous relevant international regulations that relate to the growing international consensus that ocean noise presents a significant threat to marine mammals and other marine species and must be addressed. The 1982 United Nations convention of the law of the sea establishes a globally recognized regime dealing with all matters relating to the use of the oceans and seas and their resources. The UNCLOS assigns the fundamental obligation and responsibility for protecting and preserving the marine environment to States, and requires them to adopt and enforce national laws and international standards to prevent, reduce and control ocean pollution from any source. The UNCLOS defines Pollution to include harmful energy, and thus encompasses noise pollution within its mandates.

Also in November 2004, the IUCN-World Conservation Union adopted a comprehensive resolution calling for action by states to reduce the impacts of ocean noise on marine life, which was adopted by consensus. The IUCN is the world’s leading body for conservation policy, consisting of over 70 national governments and more than 400 non-governmental organizations, and the decisions it takes at its quadrennial meetings set the global agenda for conservation over the next four years. The 2004 Resolution recognizes undersea noise as a form of pollution; calls on states to avoid the use of intense noise sources in the habitat of vulnerable species or where marine mammals and endangered species may be concentrated; and urges states to work through the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea to develop mechanisms for the control of this emergent problem.

Expects have found three main methods in comparative review of Marine mammals mitigation guidelines in oil and gas industry seismic surveys internationally. The three main methods currently used to mitigate the potential impacts on marine mammals during seismic surveys are:

 (1) Implementation of operational procedures (e.g., ‘soft start’—where sound levels are gradually increased over time);

 (2) Detection of animals close to airguns and implementation of real-time mitigation measures (e.g., shut-down),

 (3) Time/area planning of surveys to avoid marine mammals. Detection of animals via real-time monitoring which is not a mitigation measure per se, but an essential component of marine mammal mitigation during seismic surveys (Weir and Dolman 2007).

Many mitigating guidelines propose stringent procedures within sensitive areas and suggest planning surveys to avoid sensitive times/areas. In practical terms, regulatory approaches in line with oil and gas industry procedures may include complete closure of some areas, seasonal restrictions on operations, or limiting operations to daylight hours with visibility suitable for spotting marine mammals. In addition, the services of professional marine mammal specialists may be required and passive acoustic monitoring techniques may be needed to replace what is currently in use (Weir and Dolman 2007).

Brazil is a typical example among many regions where seismic survey closed seasons is clearly defined and implemented. Prohibited areas exist for breeding (July–November) and nesting areas for marine turtles (October–February). Some areas are permanently closed due to their highly sensitive nature. This is reported in Brazilian Environmental Licensing Guide.

In proffering a realistic antidote to the deaths of the marine mammals the Fisheries Commission, Environmental Protection Agency and other regulatory agencies should join the growing international consensus that ocean noise presents a significant threat to marine mammals and other marine species and hence accept that there are enough evidence to the fact that the surge in whale deaths in Ghanaian waters is as a result of oil and gas exploration. This is a sine qua non to any attempt of mitigation.

References

Spence, J. 2007. A Summary of Existing and Future Potential Treatments for Reducing Underwater Sounds from Oil and Gas Industry Activities. Proceedings OCEANS 2007 MTS/IEEE Vancouver Conference & Exhibition, 2–4 October 2007.

Streever, Bill. 2007. Green Seduction: Money, Business, and the Environment. Jackson, Mississippi: University of Mississippi Press, 210pp.

Weir, C.R. and Dolman,  S. J.  2007. Comparative Review of the Regional Marine Mammal Mitigation Guidelines Implemented during Industrial Seismic Surveys, and Guidance towards a Worldwide Standard. Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy 10: 1–27.

ENOCH OFOSU

blessedenoch@yahoo.co.uk

+141 67435319

UNDERWATER LOGGING: THE CASE OF GHANA’S VOLTA LAKE

In times when the timber industry is plagued with unsteady prices and the challenges of dwindling forest resources is exacerbated by the woes of climate change, the value of a suitable alternative has come to light: logs inundated through reservoirs creation for decades and long presumed to have been lost.

Underwater logging is the process of harvesting tree crop submerged due to activities such as artificial impoundment of water. When artificial reservoirs and dams are built, large forests are often inundated. Although the tress die the wood is often preserved. The trees can then be felled using special underwater machinery and floated up to the surface. This activity can be quite profitable, since the prime "targets" are decades-old trees of a size and species difficult or impossible to find in their natural habitat. Underwater logging has been introduced in selected locations around the world, including Ghana’s Volta Lake, the largest reservoir by surface area in the world.

Volta Lake Tree

While no exact count of these resources seems to exists globally, one estimate puts it at about 200 million trees, a global supply worth about $40 billion. According to a 2004 figures, some 35,000 square kilometers (13,500 square miles) of forest worldwide have already been submerged by dams. These inundated resources have been preserved by water and protected from rot and insect infestation. The resulting high-quality timber is highly sought after the world over. It is estimated that timber resources worth 2.8 billion dollars are locked up under the Volta Lake.

The Volta Basin

Since the creation of the Volta Lake in 1964, the 8,515 hectare reservoir has remained a major water transport system. Linking the country’s relatively more developed south to it’s largely subsistence agrarian north. Submerged tree stumps have over the years posed a serious threat to transportation on the lake as several fatal boat disasters have been recorded.

Ghana has lost more than 33.7% of forest cover since 1990 and has a rate of deforestation of 1.68% per annum according to the Forest Resources Assessment conducted by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO, 2010). The forestry sector contributes 6% to national GDP, and wood exports are the fourth highest foreign exchange source for the country. The Forestry Commission of Ghana (2010) claims that drivers of deforestation can be mainly attributed to agricultural expansion (which contributes to 50%), harvesting of wood (35%), population and development pressure (10%) and mining (5%).

Illegal Lumbering : Picture by TBI Ghana

Falling volumes in timber in Ghana, coupled with rise in illegal lumbering, has compelled the former net timber exporter to import to augment demand of the industry. The tropical forests of Ghana contain a wide range of timber species suitable for the construction industry, decking, flooring, panels and builder's woodwork. The country brings to the market place legal timber species that have such attributes of intriguing grain structures, broad color palette and natural durability fit for all architectural designs.

Inventory conducted using high resolution sonar -- a technology used to locate objects underwater -- has identified some 100 species of trees, including sought-after hardwoods buried in the lake bed. Logging of rot-resistant hardwoods such as Ebony, Odum, Sapele, Mahogany, and Wawa among others will reduce pressure on Ghana’s forest. 

Deforestation of tropical forests accounts for about 17% of global carbon dioxide emission. A failure to address this source of emission will significantly compromise global efforts to tackle climate change. Ghana’s forests contain 381 million metric tons of carbon in living forest biomass.

 This harvesting of submerged timber is the first of its kind in Africa. The venture which is being executed by Vancouver-based experts, Clark Sustainable Resource Developments (CSRD) is expected to help fight global climate change by sparing the living trees that are needed to absorb carbon. In addition to adding to global efforts in mitigation climate change by retaining forest cover that serves as carbon sink, the initiative will enhance river transport; reduce accidents, and frequent loss of life on the lake while creating employment opportunities for the youth. The venture should rake in some 100 million dollars yearly in foreign exchange and create 1,400 new jobs in the country.

ENOCH OFOSU

WATER RESOURCES SPECIALIST

blessedenoch@yahoo.co.uk

Whale deaths and Oil Exploration in Ghana

A whale dead and washed ashore in Ghana

The surge in the death of marine mammals, particularly whales, should serve as a wake-up call because it signals the gradual breakdown of sustainability of the marine ecosystem and if not unraveled would result in a negative outcome for biodiversity, livelihoods and food security.

The situation at hand far exceeds the predictions of the environmental impact assessment of the Jubilee field. The impact assessment predicted minor residual impacts on marine mammals and propose
d some measures to counter the effect.

 According to residence whale deaths were averagely encountered once in every five years but with the advent of oil exploration eleven (11) whales were reported within three years (2007-2010) to have died and washed ashore in the Western Region alone and recently four more have been discovered ashore within a week.

Around the world, energy companies are exploring for oil and gas using seismic airguns in sensitive, wildlife filled waters. The issue about seismic air guns in oil exploration is that the sound waves which extend for hundreds of miles bounce off the ocean floor and indicate likely areas for oil. It is the most severe acoustic insult to the marine environment short of naval warfare. This sonic barrage can interfere with a whale’s ability to feed, breed, navigate, communicate and avoid predators — in short, to survive.

If a whale goes deaf, it can’t survive. And repeated blasts (100,000 times stronger than a jet engine) can impair hearing easily. The blasts can drive whales to abandon their habitats, go silent and cease foraging over vast areas. It can cause permanent hearing loss, injury and death for whales.

An animated illustration of the use of seismic air gun 

The death of the mammals coincides with the commencement of oil extraction and has followed trends with oil exploration around the world. Like their counterparts in many countries that have experienced this negative phenomenon the government agencies responsible for curtailing this ongoing disaster has claimed there are no empirical basis to establish a link between the death of the whales and oil production.

Oil exploration has a direct impact on marine mammals

According to Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) there is no question that sonar injures and kills whales. Evidence of the danger caused by these systems surfaced dramatically in 2000, when whales of four different species stranded themselves on beaches in the Bahamas. Although the Navy initially denied responsibility, the US government's investigation established that mid-frequency sonar caused the stranding. After the incident, the area's population of whales nearly disappeared, leading researchers to conclude that they either abandoned their habitat or died at sea. Similar cases have occurred in the Canary Islands, Greece, Madeira, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Hawaii and other sites around the globe.

Massive seam mammal deaths as a result of oil exploration 

If my argument makes sense, then we have clearly made our choice. We cannot hide behind the curtain of ignorance and claim we know not the cause of the impending extinction of this vital species in our ecosystem.

Enoch Ofosu

Water Resources Specialist

blessedenoch@yahoo.co.uk

JOB VACANCY FOR WASH IN EMERGENCY (WinE) in GHANA

Technical Assistance for WASH in Emergency Cluster Coordination and Capacity Building for Coordination, Planning and response

Based in Accra, Ghana

Summary / Terms of Reference 

UNICEF, Ghana

Terms of Reference 

Reference: Activity No. 38.2 – WASH AWP (2012 – 2013)

Purpose	To build capacity for Cluster Coordination and improved WASH in Emergency (WinE) Co-ordination, Planning and Response at National and Regional Level
Expected fee	To be determined (International Consultant)
Location	Accra with occasional travel to regional level – mainly 5 focus regions (Central, Northern, Upper East, Upper West and Volta Regions), and Districts yet to be confirmed
Duration	6 months
Start Date	1 August 2013
Reporting to	Chief of WASH

Background

In recent years, many of the focus districts of the GoG –UNICEF WASH programme, especially in the 3 Northern regions have experienced alternate occurrences of droughts and flash flooding. Recent trends in the micro-climate in these areas, and in indeed, across the West African sub-region suggest that this state of affairs may become more regular, if not more severe.

The poor sanitation conditions in major cities across the country have also led to frequent, almost annual cholera outbreaks, which have claimed more than 100 lives between January 2011 and April 2012.

These unfortunate events, coupled with the existence of isolated security flash points, due to ethnic/ chieftaincy disputes, as well as, the occasional influx of refugees from neighbouring West African States, require prompt, well-coordinated, and effective response in the area of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH), in order to avert further suffering of displaced persons, especially women, children, the aged and other vulnerable groups.

Justification

The National Disaster Management Organisation (NADMO) is mandated to lead any disaster related emergency at the national, regional and district levels, with co-ordination support from the appropriate local government structures i.e. Regional Security Committees (RegSec’s) and District Security Committees (DiSec’s).

Typically, the co-ordinating bodies at the regional and district levels draw on the expertise of sector agencies and decentralised departments, to address specific concerns within the emergency response related to their areas of expertise.

Thus, a formal structure exists within the regional and district administrations to mobilise resources and specialised support for specific emergency/ disaster related efforts and co-ordination, including in response in the area of WASH. The structure at the national level, however, is unclear.

Currently, the capacity for the effective co-ordination of emergency response and planning is low within the sector, particularly within the lead statutory agencies. This state of affairs has often led to late and dis-jointed response initiatives, which are ineffective and inefficient. The lack of capacity also often places an inordinate responsibility on development partners in leading response initiatives.

Lessons from recent flooding events and cholera outbreaks (2007 -2010), suggest that specialised capacity for effective WASH response coordination and implementation during emergencies, needs to be further enhanced, both at the national and regional levels. This will provide direction for more effective response at the district levels.

In 2012, UNICEF provided technical assistance for an initiative to define mechanisms for coordination of WASH in Emergency at national and sub-national level, and to build critical capacity for more effective planning, response and coordination.

This assignment is based on the recommendations made from that assignment, and is aimed specifically, at providing support for cluster coordination and developing related WinE capacity, including:

•                  Emergency assessments/ appraisal methodologies;

•                  Identification key / priority actions, in line with Standards, Ethics and Best practices;

•        Response planning and co-ordination, including initial response and transition into programmatic response for sustainability; and

•                  Monitoring and Evaluation.

Objective

This assignment is aimed at building sustainable national and regional level capacity on the WASH aspects of emergency management, particularly in terms of the most likely events, in the areas including the above identified, and to facilitate understanding of the cluster approach. Particularly, it is aimed at building capacity in WASH cluster coordination within the lead Ministries and training of core WinE teams at the national and regional levels.

The specific objectives of the exercise are as follows:

•                  Capacity for the effective coordination of the newly constituted National WinE technical Working Group/ Cluster coordination capacity built within 2 sector lead Ministries through mentorship and coaching programme.

•                  Core national and regional WASH experts (WinE Teams) trained in the management of emergencies including rapid assessments, co-ordination, information management, planning and implementation of key WASH interventions, primarily, in the Central, Northern, Upper East, and Upper West Regions.

Specific Tasks

The major activities to be carried out would include, but would not be limited to, the following:

o   Provision of technical assistance for the establishment of the WASH cluster coordination and MIS functions within the Water Directorate (MWRWH) and the Environmental Health and Sanitation Directorate (MLGRD). This would essentially involve the adoption of a consultative process to:

§  Identify and designate one of the lead Ministries as the Secretariat to facilitate the activities of the national WinE technical Working Group (and therefore WASH cluster coordination)[1], through a consultative process.

§  Coach and mentor designated officers within the 2 lead Ministries, as acting Cluster Coordinator, in WASH cluster coordination, and the management of information in emergencies.

o   Organisation of training workshops at national and regional level for core expert teams (WinE Teams) on the identified areas, which would factor in lessons from previous emergency experiences. The training sessions will also facilitate a working understanding of the Cluster Mechanism, and key roles and functions within the mechanism. The training, which will cover all 10 regions of the country will be held as three (3) zonal sessions for the Southern, Middle and Northern Belts as follows:

§  Southern – Western Region, Central Region, Greater Accra Region, Volta Region

§  Middle – Eastern Region, Ashanti Region, Brong Ahafo Region

§  Northern – Northern Upper East Region, Upper West Region

The training workshops will be organized by the two sector lead ministries i.e. Ministry of Water Resources, Works and Housing (MWRWH and Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development (MLGRD).

o   Working sessions with sector groups and experts to enhance the functionality of the WASH co-ordination structures/ arrangements at the national and regional levels including an effective Information Management System.

These activities should be scheduled logically to achieve the set objectives, based on exigencies on the ground.

Expected Deliverables

It is expected that the assignment will span over six (6) calendar months (including reporting). The minimum outputs expected from the assignment include the following;

•                  Designation of main and back-up WASH cluster coordination functions among the 2 lead Ministries and setting up of Secretariat for national WinE technical Working Group, through a consultative process, assessment of existing capacity for effective management of the secretariat’s functions, and development of an appropriate capacity enhancement plan (factoring in this assignment) (by the end of Month 1).

•                  Capacity building of main actor of the lead Ministries through coaching and mentorship programme (by the end of Month 6) including:

o   Key coordination, planning and response roles and responsibilities; and mechanisms for alert systems, planning, co-ordination and fund raising.

o   Establishment and management of Information Management Systems based on existing systems within the sector, as far as practicable (at least, development of framework, identifying applicable tools and systems).

•                  Training of national and regional level WinE Teams (by the end of Month 4).

Output reporting will include Monthly Progress Reports and specific reports on the national and regional WinE training sessions. The Final Assignment Report shall be submitted to the Chief of WASH in hard, as well as electronic format by the end of the fourth month. The raw data shall be delivered on a CD along with coding where necessary.

Summary of Tasks and Deliverables

Task	Deliverable	Time Frame
Designation of main and back-up WASH cluster coordination functions/ technical Assistance for setting up functions of National WinE Technical Working Group among the 2 lead Ministries through a consultative process.	•        Monthly Progress Reports. Report for month 1 should capture the role arrangement i.e. main and back-up cluster coordination  functions between 2 lead Ministries	Months 1 - 5
Organisation of training workshops at national and regional level for WinE Teams on the identified areas. The training sessions will essentially facilitate a working   understanding of the Cluster Mechanism, and key roles and functions within the mechanism.	•         Training of WinE Teams at national level and in the Central, Northern, Upper East, Upper West and Volta Regions.	By Month 4
Capacity building of main actor of the lead Ministries through coaching and mentorship programme: •      Key coordination, planning, co-ordination and response roles and responsibilities. •      Establishment and management of Information Management Systems based on existing systems within the sector, as far as practicable.	•         WinE Secretariat set up within lead Ministries set up with adequate  capacity for cluster coordination  and emergency information management	By Month 6
	•         Final Assignment Report
Total		6 Months

Reporting

The specialist shall report directly to the Chief of WASH section, UNICEF, with copies to the Director, Water Directorate, Ministry of Water Resources, Works and Housing (MWRWH), and the Director, Environmental Health and Sanitation Directorate (EHSD) of the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development (MLGRD). He shall also work in close collaboration with the Emergency focal Point for WinE, UNICEF- Ghana, and programme geographical area focal points, as well as, the Emergency focal points I the two lead Ministries.

He/ she shall provide a detailed Work Plan, outlining activities to be carried out for discussion with the Chief of WASH and the emergency focal person for the WASH section on the commencement of the assignment.

Changes in the scope of work and output emanating from the working sessions with sector partners and statutory, which would significantly affect the output of the assignment or the resources required should be brought to the attention of the emergency focal person for WASH section.

Key Collaborators (List not exhaustive)

Key collaborating agencies will include national Disaster Management Organisation (NADMO), Water and Sanitation Sector Working Group, Water Directorate of the Ministry of Water Resources, Works and Housing (MWRWH), Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA) (at national level and in the focus regions), Ghana Water Company (GWC), Ghana Urban Water Ltd. (GUWL) (at national level and in the focus regions), Environmental Health and Sanitation Directorate (EHSD) of the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development (MLGRD), Coalition of NGOs in Water and Sanitation (CONIWAS), WaterAid, Plan Ghana, CoCRWDP, New Energy, Rural Aid, Pronet South, Pronet –North, Afram Plains Development Organisation (APDO).

Payment Terms

Payment in respect of the exercise will be effected as follows:

• 20% of the fees for the assignment will be paid on submission of the 1^st Monthly Report
• A Further 30% will be paid on submission of the 3^rd Monthly Report (at the end of the 3^rd Month).
• 30% of the cost of the assignment will be paid on submission of the 5^th Monthly Report (at the end of the 5^th Month).
• The final 20% will be paid on the finalisation and approval of the Final Report.

Expected background and Experience

The specialist must have:

·        Advanced university degree – An advanced university degree in Water and Sanitation/ Civil Engineering, Public Health, Project Management, Sociology or any WASH/ Programme/ Emergency Management related discipline.

·        A minimum of 10years post qualification experience in emergency prevention and response management, particularly in relation to the WASH sector and/or Public Health.

·        Experience in capacity building for WASH in Emergencies.

·        A good working knowledge of the cluster approach, and experience in the design, implementation and management of related systems would be a clear added advantage. 

·        Fluency in writing, reading and speaking English.

·        Strong track record in relating and networking and analytical skills.

·        Ability to operate computer Microsoft office programs (MS Word, Excel, Power Point and Access), is essential.

General Conditions: Procedures and Logistics

Ø  The consultant will work from the UNICEF office in Accra, with limited office support. In particular, the consultant will have her or his own computer facilities and transport facilities for commuting to office. 

Ø  The assignment cost will include Professional Fees, and Daily Subsistence Allowances (DSAs). The consultant will also be entitled to DSA for travel outside Accra at the prevailing UN rates (estimated maximum 20 nights). Fees will be paid based on the achievement of the indicated deliverables

Ø  All equipment and logistics hiring requirements, however, should be discussed and cleared with the emergency focal person for WASH section.

Ø  The consultant should provide his/her stationery and office materials/ consumables – computer, data storage devices, paper etc.

Ø  The consultant will have access to UNICEF transport along with UNICEF Security Radio when in the field on official travel   Transportation will also be provided for official meetings (within official working hours) within Accra, based on prior notification.

Ø  In case of air travel for any field missions the airfare and terminal expenses for the consultant’s flight will be paid by UNICEF.

Policy both parties should be aware of:

Ø  Under the consultancy agreements, a month is defined as 21 working days, and fees are prorated accordingly.  Consultants are not paid for weekends or public holidays.

Ø  Consultants are not entitled to payment of overtime.  All remuneration must be within the contract agreement.

Ø  No contract may commence unless the contract is signed by both UNICEF and the consultant or Contractor.

Ø  For international consultants outside the duty station, signed contracts must be sent by fax or email.  Signed contract copy or written agreement must be received by the office before Travel Authorisation is issued.

Ø  No consultant may travel without a signed travel authorisation prior to the commencement of the journey to the duty station.

Ø  Unless authorised, UNICEF will buy the tickets of the consultant.  In exceptional cases, the consultant may be authorised to buy their travel tickets and shall be reimbursed at the “most economical and direct route” but this must be agreed to beforehand. All travel will be in economy class.

Ø  Consultants will not have supervisory responsibilities or authority on UNICEF budget.

Ø  Consultant will be required to sign the Health statement for consultants/Individual contractor prior to taking up the assignment, and to document that they have appropriate health insurance, (no medical evacuation since this consultancy is based in Accra).

Ø  The Form 'Designation, change or revocation of beneficiary' must be completed by the consultant upon arrival, at the HR Section.

Ø  **** Please consult with HR on entitlements as many are set by UNICEF rules.

You may contact this page for further details via : blessedenoch@yahoo.co.uk